Quick-study glossary

IB Computer Science Key Definitions

Essential terminology for IB Computer Science (SL & HL) — 254 key terms with clear, exam-ready definitions. Search a term or browse A–Z to revise fast for Papers 1–3 and coursework.

A12 terms

AbstractionComputational Thinking: The process of simplifying complex systems by focusing on essential details while ignoring irrelevant ones.
Access modifiersOOP: Keywords that define the visibility and accessibility of class members (variables and methods).
AccessibilitySystems & SDLC: metric of how the technology or system suits people with some sort of disability
AdditionProgramming: The process of combining two or more values to produce a result.
Alpha testingSystems & SDLC: Testing conducted by developers in a controlled environment to catch major bugs before release
Ambient IntelligenceWeb Science: A digital environment that is sensitive, adaptive, and responsive to the presence of people.
AntivirusNetworks: Software that detects, prevents, and removes malware.
ArgumentsProgramming: Actual values passed to the parameters when the method is called.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)Hardware: A core digital circuit within the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations on binary data
AuthenticationNetworks: The process of verifying the identity of a user or entity.
Automated testingSystems & SDLC: Testing that uses software tools to execute tests, compare results, and report outcomes automatically without human interaction
Autonomous agentHardware: An entity that can perceive its environment through sensors and act upon it using effectors. They operate with a degree of independence, following algorithms to achieve specific goals

B10 terms

BackpropagationMachine Learning: An algorithm used to train neural networks by adjusting the weights of connections between neurons to minimize prediction errors.
BandwidthNetworks: The maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a network, usually measured in bits per second (bps).
BandwidthHardware: The rate at which data can be transferred between components or over a network.
Beta testingSystems & SDLC: Testing that involves a group of real users testing the software in real-world conditions to provide feedback and identify issues
Binary searchProgramming: A search algorithm that repeatedly divides a sorted list in half to locate a target element.
BitHardware: The smallest unit of data in a computer, representing a binary value of 0 or 1.
Boolean logicHardware: A branch of algebra that deals with true or false values, represented as 1 and 0 in binary systems
Bubble sortProgramming: A sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements, and swaps them if they are in the wrong order.
Business mergerSystems & SDLC: The process occurs when two or more companies are combined into a single entity. It usually implies that the systems used in companies separately before should not have any issues when working together.
ByteHardware: Fundamental unit of data storage, which consists of eight bits

C25 terms

Central processing unit (CPU)Hardware: The primary component of a computer responsible for executing instructions and processing data. It performs arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations specified by the instructions in programs.
Centralised control systemHardware: A control system that relies on a single central computer to manage all processing and decision-making
Change ManagementSystems & SDLC: Systematic approach to transitioning individuals, teams, and organisations from a current state to a desired future state. It involves planning, implementation and monitoring.
ChildData Structures: A node that is directly connected and one level below another node.
ClassOOP: A blueprint for creating objects, defining their data (attributes) and actions (methods).
ClientNetworks: A computer or device that requests services or resources from a server
Client-server modelNetworks: A network architecture where clients request services and servers provide them
Client-Side ScriptingWeb Science: Refers to code that runs in the user's web browser, typically written in languages like JavaScript, HTML, and CSS.
Cloud ComputingHardware: The delivery of computing services (servers, storage, databases, networking, software) over the Internet ("the cloud").
CollectionProgramming: A group of related data items, such as a list of numbers, a set of names, or a dictionary of key-value pairs.
Collective IntelligenceWeb Science: The shared intelligence that emerges from the collaboration and interaction of a group of individuals or systems.
Command line interface (CLI)Hardware: A text-based interface is used to interact with a computer. Users type commands to perform tasks instead of using a graphical interface with buttons and icons.
Common Gateway Interface (CGI)Web Science: A standard protocol that allows web servers to interact with external programs, often written in languages like Perl or Python.
Complex QueryDatabases: A query that retrieves data based on multiple conditions, often using logical operators like AND, OR, and NOT.
Compound operationHardware: A sequence of fundamental operations combined to perform a more complex task.
Computer languageProgramming: A formal language used to communicate instructions to a computer.
Computer ModelingModelling: The process of creating a digital representation of a system or process to simulate its behavior under various conditions.
ConcurrencyComputational Thinking: The ability to execute multiple tasks simultaneously.
ConstantProgramming: A named storage location in memory that holds a value, which cannot be changed during the execution of a program.
ConstructorsOOP: Special methods used to initialise an object
ContextSystems & SDLC: background, environment, setting in which the new system will be appplied
Control systemHardware: A combination of devices and algorithms that automate tasks by monitoring and manipulating the environment
Control UnitHardware: A key component of the CPU that manages and coordinates all operations within the computer
CopyrightWeb Science: A legal right that gives creators control over how their work is used.
Correctness of a modelModelling: Refers to how accurately the model represents the real-world system it is designed to simulate.

D36 terms

Data compressionHardware: The process of reducing the size of digital data by encoding it more efficiently, so it requires less storage space or transmission bandwidth
Data Definition Language (DDL)Databases: A subset of SQL used to define and manage the structure of a database.
Data DictionaryDatabases: A centralized repository that stores metadata about the data in a database.
Data integrityNetworks: The accuracy and consistency of data as it travels from source to destination.
Data lossSystems & SDLC: Permanent or temporary unavailability of data due to various factors such as hardware failure, human error, or cyberattacks
Data MatchingDatabases: The process of comparing and linking data from different sources to identify records that refer to the same entity.
Data migrationSystems & SDLC: The process of transferring data between different formats, storage types, or computer systems.
Data MiningDatabases: The process of discovering patterns, correlations, and insights from large datasets using statistical and computational techniques.
Data ModelingDatabases: The process of creating a visual representation of the data and its relationships within a database.
Data RecoveryDatabases: The process of restoring lost, corrupted, or inaccessible data from backups or other sources.
Data structureData Structures: A way of organising and storing data so that it can be used efficiently in algorithms and programs.
Data testingSystems & SDLC: The process of testing involves inputting normal, boundary, abnormal, and extreme data to ensure the system handles all scenarios
Data WarehouseDatabases: A data warehouse is a centralized repository that stores data from multiple sources, collected over a period of time
DatabaseDatabases: A structured, persistent collection of related data that can be efficiently queried, inserted, updated and deleted usually managed by a database‑management system (DBMS).
Database AdministratorDatabases: An individual responsible for managing, maintaining, and securing a database system.
Database Management System (DBMS)Databases: Software that creates, stores, retrieves, and manages data in one or more databases.
Database SchemaDatabases: A blueprint that outlines how data is organised within a database.
Database SegmentationDatabases: The process of dividing a database into smaller, more manageable parts based on a specific feature or criterion.
Database TransactionDatabases: A single unit of work, consisting of one or more (SQL) operations which are executed atomically such that all changes take effect together (commit) or none do (rollback).
DebuggingProgramming: The process of identifying and fixing errors or bugs in the code
DecentralisationWeb Science: Refers to the distribution of control and decision-making across a network, rather than relying on a single central authority.
Decision TreeMachine Learning: A flowchart-like structure where each internal node represents a test on an attribute, each branch represents the outcome of the test, and each leaf node represents a class label or a prediction.
DecompositionComputational Thinking: The process of breaking down a complex problem into smaller, more manageable parts.
Dedicated Operating SystemHardware: An operating system that is specifically designed to meet the unique requirements of a particular device or application
Democratic webWeb Science: Emphasizes user empowerment, transparency, and equal access to information.
Deviation DetectionDatabases: Also known as outlier detection, it is the process of identifying data points that significantly differ from the majority of the data in a database.
Digital divideWeb Science: The gap between individuals, groups, or countries in terms of access to digital technology, such as the internet, computers, and mobile devices.
Direct changeoverSystems & SDLC: The new system replaces the old system immediately
Directed graphData Structures: A collection of vertices (nodes) connected by edges (links) that have a specific direction.
Distributed control systemHardware: A control system that spreads processing and decision-making across multiple independent nodes
DocumentationSystems & SDLC: All information collected during software development that involves the system. It helps people understand, use, and maintain the system
Domain Name Server (DNS)Web Science: A hierarchical and decentralized system that translates human-readable domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses (like 192.0.2.1) that computers use to identify each other on the internet.
Domain Name System (DNS) serverNetworks: A type of server that translates human-readable domain names (e.g., example.com) into IP addresses (e.g., 192.0.2.1) that computers use to identify each other on the network
Dry-run testingSystems & SDLC: A manual process where developers simulate the execution of code to predict outcomes
Dynamic data structuresData Structures: Data structures that can grow or shrink during program execution.
Dynamic Web PageWeb Science: A web page that is generated in real-time by the server, often using server-side scripts like PHP, ASP.NET, or Java Servlets, and can be customized based on user input or other factors.

E11 terms

EdgeData Structures: Connection between two nodes.
EfficiencyProgramming: A measure of how well an algorithm uses resources, such as time and memory, to solve a problem.
Email applicationHardware: Software applications that enable users to send, receive, and manage digital messages
Email serverNetworks: A server that manages the flow of emails within and outside a network.
Emergent Social StructuresWeb Science: The patterns of relationships and interactions among individuals or groups within a community or platform.
EncapsulationOOP: An OOP principle where data (attributes) and the methods that operate on it are bundled together within a class, while restricting direct access to the data to protect it from unintended interference.
EncryptionNetworks: The process of converting data into a coded format to prevent unauthorised access.
ErgonomicsSystems & SDLC: The design of products or systems to optimise human comfort and performance (efficiency)
ETLDatabases: Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) is a process used in data warehousing to collect data from different sources, transform it into a consistent format, and load it into a central repository for analysis and reporting.
ExceptionsProgramming: Unusual or unexpected events that disrupt the normal flow of a program.
ExpressivityWeb Science: The ability of a language or system to represent complex and detailed information.

F7 terms

FeedbackHardware: The process of using output data as input to adjust future actions
Feedback LoopsHardware: Mechanisms that use the results of previous actions to adjust future behaviour, helping the system improve or maintain performance
FIFOData Structures: First-In, First-Out principle.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)Networks: Protocol used to transfer files between a client and a server over a network.
Flow chartComputational Thinking: A visual representation of an algorithm, using symbols to show the sequence, decisions, and processes involved in solving a problem.
FolksonomyWeb Science: A user-driven classification system that organizes information through collaborative tagging, relying on user-generated tags rather than a predefined structure.
Functional testingSystems & SDLC: Process of verification that each software function operates according to its specifications

G5 terms

Genetic AlgorithmMachine Learning: A search heuristic that mimics the process of natural selection to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems.
GettersOOP: Methods used to retrieve the value of private attributes.
GoodputNetworks: The rate of usable data transfer, excluding protocol overhead and retransmissions.
Graphical user interface (GUI)Hardware: Visual interfaces that allow users to interact with applications through graphical elements such as windows, icons, menus, and pointers (WIMP).
Grid ComputingWeb Science: Involves connecting multiple computers, often geographically dispersed, to work together as a single virtual supercomputer to solve large-scale computational problems.

H3 terms

HardwareHardware: The physical parts of a computer system, including internal components like the CPU and RAM, and external devices like monitors, keyboards, and printers.
High-level programming languageProgramming: A programming language that allows programmers to write instructions using human-readable syntax, without needing to manage hardware details directly.
Human ResourcesSystems & SDLC: The people who work within an organisation, along with the department that manages hiring, training, and employee support.

I16 terms

IdentificationNetworks: The process of establishing the identity of a user or entity.
IdentifierProgramming: A name used to identify a programming entity, such as a class, variable, or method.
Information SystemSystems & SDLC: An organised combination of people, procedures, hardware, software, networks, (databases) and data that captures, stores, processes and delivers information to support decision‑making and control within an organisation.
InheritanceOOP: An OOP principle where one class (the subclass) can reuse and extend the attributes and methods of another class (the superclass).
Input deviceHardware: Hardware components that capture data from the environment and convert it into a form that a computer system can process
InputsComputational Thinking: The data or information is provided to a program to process.
Instance variableOOP: A variable defined in a class for which each instantiated object of the class has its own copy.
InstantiationOOP: The process of creating a specific object from a class.
Integration testingSystems & SDLC: Testing that ensures that different modules or components work together as expected
Intellectual PropertyWeb Science: Creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary works, and designs, protected by law.
Intermediate CodeHardware: Code that is not specific to any hardware architecture.
InternetNetworks: A global network of interconnected computers that communicate using standard protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
Internet Protocol (IP)Networks: A set of rules that govern how data is transmitted across networks, ensuring communication between devices.
InteroperabilityWeb Science: The ability of different systems, devices, or applications to work together and exchange information seamlessly.
InterruptsHardware: Signals that inform the CPU of an event that requires immediate attention
IterationComputational Thinking: The repetition of a set of instructions or processes until a desired outcome is achieved

L5 terms

Legacy systemSystems & SDLC: System that is not supported anymore, but is still in use
Libraries of objectsOOP: Collections of pre-written classes and methods that can be integrated into programs.
LIFOData Structures: Last-in, First-out principle.
Link AnalysisDatabases: A technique used to identify relationships and connections between entities in a dataset.
Local variableProgramming: A variable declared within a method or block of code.

M10 terms

Machine codeHardware: The lowest-level programming language, consisting of binary instructions that a computer's CPU can execute directly.
Machine instruction cycleHardware: The fundamental process by which a computer's central processing unit (CPU) executes instructions. It consists of four main stages: fetch, decode, execute, and store.
MainframesHardware: Powerful computers designed for large-scale data processing and critical applications.
MetadataDatabases: Data that describes other data, providing information such as the content, format, source, or structure to help organize, find, and understand it.
MicroprocessorHardware: Integrated circuits that perform arithmetic, logic, and control operations
Mobile ComputingWeb Science: Refers to the ability to access and process data or perform computing tasks using portable devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops.
ModelModelling: A simplified representation of a system or phenomenon.
ModularityProgramming: The practice of dividing a program into smaller, self-contained units called modules.
Multi-Access EnvironmentHardware: An environment that allows multiple users to interact with a single computer system simultaneously.
Multi-Programming EnvironmentHardware: An environment that allows multiple programs to be loaded into memory simultaneously, with the CPU switching between them.

N10 terms

Naming conventionsProgramming: Rules for naming variables, functions, and other identifiers in a consistent and meaningful way.
Natural LanguageModelling: The language humans use to communicate, such as English, Spanish, or Mandarin.
Natural Language ProcessingModelling: NLP is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language.
NetworkNetworks: A system where multiple computers or devices (nodes) are connected to share data, resources, and communicate with each other
Network ArchitectureNetworks: The design and structure of a computer network, including its physical and logical layout, communication protocols, and data transmission methods.
Network connectivityNetworks: The ability of a device to connect to local and global networks.
Network standardsNetworks: Agreed-upon rules and protocols that ensure interoperability between different devices and systems within a network. They define how data is formatted, transmitted, and received, allowing devices from various manufacturers to communicate seamlessly.
Neural NetworkMachine Learning: A computational model inspired by the human brain, consisting of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process data in layers to recognize patterns and solve complex problems.
NodeData Structures: A basic unit containing data and one or more pointers.
NormalizationDatabases: A process used to organize data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.

O8 terms

ObjectOOP: A specific instance of a class, containing attributes and methods.
Object referencesOOP: Variables that store the memory address of an object rather than the object itself.
On-Premise systemSystems & SDLC: A system that is installed and run on a client's local hardware
Online InteractionWeb Science: A term that describes the transition of the web from a static collection of pages to a dynamic, interactive platform where users can create, share, and collaborate on content.
OntologyWeb Science: A formal, machine-readable representation of knowledge that defines a set of concepts and their relationships within a specific domain, providing a structured framework for organizing information.
Open StandardsWeb Science: Publicly available specifications that ensure compatibility and interoperability between different systems.
OperatorProgramming: A function that performs an operation on one or more operands.
OutputsComputational Thinking: The results or responses produced by the program after processing the inputs that are available to the user or another system.

P26 terms

PacketNetworks: A small, formatted unit of data that is sent across a computer network.
Packet switchingNetworks: A method of data transmission where information is broken into small units called packets. Each packet travels independently through the network and is reassembled at the destination.
Parallel runningSystems & SDLC: Both the old and new systems run simultaneously for a period.
Parameter variableProgramming: A variable used to pass data into a method.
ParametersProgramming: Variables used in methods to receive data from the caller.
ParentData Structures: A node that has one or more children.
Peer-to-peer (P2P)Networks: A decentralized network architecture where each participant (peer) acts as both a client and a server, sharing resources directly with other peers without relying on a central server.
PeripheralHardware: An external device connected to a computer that adds functionality, such as input (e.g., keyboard), output (e.g., headphones), or both (e.g., touchscreen)
Phased conversionSystems & SDLC: The new system is implemented in stages or modules over time
Pilot RunningSystems & SDLC: The new system is implemented in a small part of the organisation (a pilot site) before being rolled out fully
PointerData Structures: A reference to another node.
PoliciesHardware: The rules and guidelines for managing resources and user access within a system.
PolymorphismOOP: An OOP concept where a single method can take multiple forms, allowing for the definition of different behaviour while sharing the same method name.
Post-conditionsComputational Thinking: The outcomes that must be true after the function or algorithm has completed.
Pre-conditionsComputational Thinking: The requirements that must be met before a function or algorithm is executed.
Predictive modelingMachine Learning: A data mining technique used to make predictions about future outcomes based on historical data.
Primary memoryHardware: The only storage directly accessible by the CPU. It holds data and instructions currently in use, stored as binary machine code.
PrimitiveProgramming: A basic data type provided by a programming language.
PrivacyWeb Science: The right of individuals to control their personal information and decide how it is collected, used, and shared.
ProcedureComputational Thinking: A is a series of steps or actions that are followed to achieve a specific goal.
Process controlHardware: A system that automatically monitors and manages physical processes (like temperature, speed, or pressure) to maintain desired output
ProcessorsHardware: Components that analyse the data from sensors and decide what actions to take in the context of control systems
Program counterHardware: A special register that keeps track of the address of the next instruction to be executed.
ProtocolNetworks: A set of rules that defines how data is transmitted and received over a network.
PrototypeSystems & SDLC: Preliminary version of a system or product, designed to demonstrate its core features and functionality
PseudocodeComputational Thinking: A human-readable representation of an algorithm that combines natural language with programming constructs.

Q1 term

QueryDatabases: Instructions written in a query language (such as SQL) that retrieve and manipulate data from a database.

R10 terms

RecursionProgramming: Process when function calls itself within its own definition/body.
Redundant DataDatabases: Occurs when the same piece of information is stored in multiple places within a database or a data storage system.
Referential IntegrityDatabases: A fundamental concept in database management, ensuring that data remains reliable and accurate.
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)Databases: A type of DBMS that organises data into two-dimensional tables (relations) linked by keys.
Relational DatabasesDatabases: A collection of data items with predefined relationships between them, organized as a set of tables with columns and rows.
Remote hostingHardware: Software hosted on external servers, accessed via the internet. Also referred to as cloud and SaaS (Software as a Service)
RetrievalHardware: The process of accessing data stored in memory or storage devices.
Return valueProgramming: The data that a method sends back to the code that called it.
RootData Structures: The topmost node of the tree.
RulesModelling: Statements that define the relationships between facts and actions.

S28 terms

SchedulingHardware: The process of determining which tasks or processes should be executed by the CPU at any given time.
Screen resolutionSystems & SDLC: The number of pixels displayed on a screen, affecting the clarity and detail of images.
Search EngineWeb Science: A software system that indexes and retrieves information from a database or the internet based on user queries.
Search Engine Optimization (SEO)Web Science: The process of optimizing web pages to improve their ranking in search engine results.
Selection sortProgramming: A sorting algorithm that repeatedly selects the smallest element from the unsorted part of the list and places it at the beginning.
Semantic WebWeb Science: An extension of the World Wide Web that enables machines to understand and interpret the meaning (semantics) of information by using metadata and ontologies to create a web of linked data.
Sequential search algorithmProgramming: An algorithm that checks each element in a list one by one until the target element is found or the end of the list is reached.
ServerNetworks: A device or program that provides services or resources to clients
Server-Side ScriptingWeb Science: Involves code that runs on the web server, using languages like PHP, Python, Ruby, or Node.js.
SettersOOP: Methods used to update the value of private attributes (in a controlled way).
Simple QueryDatabases: A query that retrieves data based on a single condition or criterion.
SimulationModelling: A model that behaves in the same way as a real-world entity or process.
SoftwareHardware: A set of programs, instructions, or data that directs computer operation and allows it to execute specific tasks
Software licenseSystems & SDLC: A legal agreement that defines how you can use, share, or modify a piece of software
SpreadsheetsHardware: Software applications that allow users to organise data in rows and columns
StakeholdersSystems & SDLC: People or groups who are affected by or interested in a new system. This includes users, clients, developers, managers, and investors.
StandardNetworks: An agreed-upon specification that ensures interoperability between different systems and devices.
StandardsWeb Science: An agreed-upon specification that ensures compatibility and interoperability between different systems and technologies.
Static data structuresData Structures: Data structures whose size is fixed at compile time.
Static Web PageWeb Science: A web page that is delivered to the user exactly as stored, without any server-side processing or customization.
StorageHardware: The process of saving data to memory or storage devices.
Storage Area Network (SAN)Networks: A specialised network that provides high-speed access to consolidated storage devices.
Sub-graphWeb Science: A smaller part of a larger graph, containing a subset of nodes and edges that maintain the original connections between those nodes.
Sub-proceduresComputational Thinking: Smaller, reusable blocks of code that help break down complex problems into manageable parts.
SubtreeData Structures: The portion of the tree rooted at a particular node, consisting of that node together with all of its descendant nodes and the edges connecting them.
SupercomputersHardware: Computers that are specialised for complex mathematical calculations and simulations.
SurveillanceWeb Science: The monitoring of individuals or groups using technology, often without their knowledge or consent
System resourcesHardware: The hardware and software components that enable a computer to function effectively.

T9 terms

Test CaseModelling: A set of conditions or inputs used to evaluate whether a simulation program produces the expected output.
Three-Dimensional VisualizationModelling: Involves creating and displaying 3D models of objects, environments, or data.
ThroughputNetworks: The actual rate of successful data transfer is often lower than the bandwidth due to various factors.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)Networks: Protocol which ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data between applications.
Transmission mediaNetworks: The physical pathway or channel through which data is transmitted from one device to another in a network
Tree traversalData Structures: The process of visiting each node in a tree data structure in a specific order.
Truth tableHardware: A tool to show all possible combinations of input values (usually true or false) and their corresponding output for a logical operation or Boolean expression
Two-dimensional arrayData Structures: A data structure that organizes data in a grid-like format. It consists of rows and columns, allowing you to store and access data using two indices.
Two-Dimensional VisualisationModelling: The representation of data or information in a flat (two-dimensional) space, such as a graph, chart, or image.

U8 terms

Ubiquitous computingWeb Science: Also known as pervasive computing, is the concept of embedding computing technology into everyday objects and environments, making it seamlessly integrated and accessible.
UMLOOP: Unified Modelling Language (UML) is a standardised visual language used to model the design of software systems.
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)Web Science: A string of characters that uniquely identifies a resource on the internet.
Unit testingSystems & SDLC: Testing individual components or modules of the software in isolation
URLWeb Science: A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a specific type of URI that provides the address of a resource and how to access it.
UsabilityDatabases: The ease with which users can create, manage, and interpret data.
UsabilitySystems & SDLC: metric of how the technology or system suits everybody
User Acceptance Testing (UAT)Systems & SDLC: Validation process that ensures the software meets user needs and requirements before final deployment

V7 terms

VariableProgramming: A named storage location in memory that can hold a value, which can be changed during the execution of a program.
ViewDatabases: A virtual table created by a query that presents data in a specific format without modifying the underlying tables.
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)Networks: A logical grouping of devices within a LAN, allowing them to communicate as if they were on the same physical network, even if they are not.
Virtual machineHardware: A virtual machine (VM) is a software-based emulation of a physical computer.
Virtual memoryHardware: A technique that allows a computer to use secondary storage (e.g., a hard drive) as an extension of primary memory (RAM).
Virtual Private Network (VPN)Networks: A technology that creates a secure and encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the Internet and allows remote users to access a private network as if they were directly connected to it.
VisualizationModelling: The process of representing data or information graphically to make it easier to understand, analyze, and interpret

W7 terms

Web browserWeb Science: Software applications that allow users to access and navigate the World Wide Web
Web CrawlersWeb Science: Automated programs that systematically browse the internet to collect information from web pages.
Web IndexingWeb Science: A critical process that enables search engines to organize and retrieve information efficiently from the vast expanse of the internet.
Web pageWeb Science: A web page is a digital document accessible through a web browser, typically written in HTML and often enhanced with CSS and JavaScript to provide structure, style, and interactivity.
Web Page StructureWeb Science: The organization and layout of elements on a web page, including headers, navigation menus, content sections, and footers.
Word processorsHardware: Software applications designed for creating, editing, and formatting text documents
World Wide WebWeb Science: WWW is a system of interlinked hypertext documents and resources, accessed via the Internet using web browsers.